Probation Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Probation Process - Essay Example Presentencing Investigation report is a core source of information used by judges when sentencing. It provides information on personal history as well as criminal conduct of the defendant. This ensures that judges give individualized sentence. Moreover, the report contains information such as the age of defendant, which helps the judge decide on the appropriate sentence. Furthermore, the report helps the judge to decide if the defendant should serve jail term and the appropriate kind of correction facility to send the defendant (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2008). The factors considered in the report include the prior criminal convictions, account of the offense, work history as well vocational information of the defendant, marital and financial status of defendant, educational background, defendant and victim’s statements, sentencing guidelines and sentencing recommendations. Additional factors considered include the medical, psychiatric, or psychological history of the defendant and the explanation of harm suffered by victim. Another factor considered in the report is the defendant’s probable adjustment in community (Clear, Cole, & Reisig,

Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay The Microsoft Corporation is a fortune 500 company that ranked # 35 on the fortune 500 list in 2013 (Fortune 500, 2013) and is one of the largest business corporations in the world. It was founded in 1975 by two guys named Paul Allen and Bill Gates, the business developed very rapidly as the years went by and reached a marker of 89,000 employees, with a revenue of $62 billion dollars and had offices located all over the world (Fortune 500, 2011). From the initial headquarters that is held in Albuquerque New Mexico, the Microsoft Company steadily increased the offices held within the United States and expanded that to include more than 100 countries abroad. This expansion into different countries became a challenge because of having to deal with new lifestyles, new cultures, people, and languages. Proper research needed to be conducted not to mention the implementation of a proper working strategy to help the integration of these new ethics and cultures into those of the Microsoft Corporation. The homepage of the Microsoft Corporation shares a summarized version of its culture and says â€Å"We as individuals and as a company value honesty, integrity, constructive self criticism, openness, mutual respect, and continual self improvement† (Microsoft Corporation, 2011). The Microsoft Corporation also presents their official responsibilities as part of their ethical obligation. â€Å"We at the Microsoft Corporation hold ourselves accountable to our shareholders, customers, employees, and partners, and we do this by honoring our commitment, providing results, and striving for the highest quality possible† (Microsoft Corporation, 2011). When making a move into new cultures and countries, it becomes very important for employees old and new to not only understand but also accept the Microsoft Corporations ethics and culture. As we all know Microsoft products are used all over the world in both businesses and homes. When they first made the decision to open an office in Lebanon, a majority of the computers ran on the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Windows Office program was the most popular word processing and spreadsheet program. However, there was a problem and that problem was the fact that there was a bunch of versions of this system that had been pirated and distributed in that country. In a country where buying a five dollar pirated software program from a local computer store made it a little hard in terms of convincing some people that it was not only unethical but also illegal. This brings about the question of, â€Å"How is The Microsoft Corporation going to sell authentic versions of their software when there are pirated versions being distributed at such a cheaper price not to mention a lack of government control involved†? Because of this, Microsoft proceeded to send letters to these major organizations warning them against using this pirated software. They also offered to visit these businesses in order to conduct a site survey so that assessments could be made in terms of what software would fit the company the best and at what the cost would be. The Microsoft Corporation also provided the organization that behaved ethically and invited Microsoft in for the survey assessment; Microsoft turned around and gave them a very good price deal on the software. Microsoft also introduced to them a payment facility for the companies that had to make large purchases of the software in order to get licenses for the pirated software they already had in place. Everyone knows that not all organizations and businesses operate within ethical boundaries. Lebanon, just like the U. S. , is similar in the fact that it is an individualist culture. However, bribery is common throughout this country. Microsoft has an ethical standard that is against these types of acts and it is totally against their integrity. It was however, improbable to sell these authentic copies to many of these businesses without presenting these managers with some type of gift in exchange. Some of these organizations proceeded to offer gifts to the Microsoft Corporation’s employees. They in return were hoping for some type of special discount, or a deal would not work out. The Microsoft Corporation has an ethical obligation to their shareholders and that obligation is to protect and increase the value of the shares. The Microsoft Corporation has to be able to earn a said profit in order for the share values to increase. On a bad note, Microsoft cannot legitimately sell software copies in a country that has corruption and bribery within its ethics and culture. According to Transparency International â€Å"The transparency in Lebanon ranked 2. 5 out of 10 in the world in 2010† (Corruption Perception Index 2010 Results, 2010). When comparing that score to 8. 9 out of 10 in Canada and 7. 1 out of 10 in the United States, the difference is quite staggering. Microsoft has to be able to find a way to adapt their approach in order to conclude some type of successful business in the country of Lebanon. According to the text book â€Å"The biggest source of anxiety for business people in America who operate abroad is the expectations of bribes and payoffs† (Trevino Nelson, 2007). When the Microsoft management team was faced with bribes or offerings in order to sell their software to the organizations who where operating on pirated copies, they in return chose to use an ethical model in order to make a decision in regards of choosing which course of action would be best to take. The judicial systems of these countries that have a low transparency, that are similar to those in Lebanon, are very weak. So filing a lawsuit against the businesses that are running the pirated versions of the Microsoft software programs would turn out to be very costly, time consuming and may end up yielding no type of results in the end. Management teams that are faced with different types of ethical situations can apply different types of ethical models in order to help assist in the process of decision making. In the case of bribing a manager of an organization in order to purchase software that is legal, it is possible that they could apply the utilitarianism ethical model. By looking at the result, it might be easy to try and make a decision on whether or not the employees at the Microsoft Corporation may try and bribe a business into purchasing Microsoft software that is legal. On a positive note, Microsoft selling more software to organizations and businesses that need it or may already be using it may help in the reduction of software being pirated within the country. The share prices at Microsoft are being maintained by the revenue and the employees receiving a commission. On the negative side, if a bribe is being paid to an employee or a member of the business or an organization who is purchasing the Microsoft software. The Utilitarianism’s ethical model shows approval of this as a decision that is ethical. Being able to apply different ethical models, such as the deontological model may end up having different ending results. The question that this raises is â€Å"Should all businesses or organizations pay some type of bribe or bribes in order to help sell their products? † The answer to this naturally is, â€Å"no†. Global businesses are faced with many different challenges everyday as they expand into different foreign organizations. Ethical challenges will always arise for an organization as they expand. The ethical decisions made in regards to different business matters can usually be solved by applying the different ethical models that are available. There are plenty of tools available for helping solve arising ethical problems and they need to be used so they may be helpful in making solutions. With the launch of Microsoft in the country of Lebanon they need to confront these ethical issues of bribery so that they can enter the market. The Microsoft Corporation must learn to adapt their policies in order to comply with the ethical standards they have in the country of Lebanon. References Corruption Perception Index, 2010 results (2010). Transparency International Retrieved August 11, 2013 from https://www. transparency. org/policy_research/surveys Fortune Global 500 (2011) CNN Money, Retrieved August 11, 2013 from https://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011 Microsoft Corporation (2011) About Microsoft, Retrieved August 10, 2013 from https://www. microsoft. com/about/en/us/default. aspx Trevino. L. K Nelson. K. L (2007) Retrieved August 9, 2013 from Managing Business Ethics (4th Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

The Fourteenth Amendment Essay -- Racism Equality Constitution Essays

On a date that will be remembered forever as a step forward for our nation, July 28, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment gave a new sense of hope and inspiration to a once oppressed people. It was conceived to be the foundation for restoring America to its great status and prosperity. The Amendment allowed â€Å"equal protection under the law†, no matter what race, religion, sex, sexual preference or social status. It was designed to protect the newly freed slaves. However, it only helped the white race. Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment not knowing how it would affect all the other minorities. Minorities were still treated with disrespect and incivility from the white culture. With Americans pioneering westward, they found a strong-willed people with a simple way of life, the Indians. The conquering American pioneers tried to push their way of life upon the Indians. They directed what the Indians should do, what to eat, and whom or what they should believe in. With the Indians refusing this way of life, and the ensuing battles over their land, put up an immensely hard fought battle against the United States Military led by General Custer. General Custer was facing a leader, a holy man, and an impressive war chief who the Indians had great respect for, Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull vowed to eliminate the American invaders, but came to his demise with a shot to the chest and slash to the back of the head by a Ces...

Hunger Games Review

Action packed adventures, intense, love triangles, suspenseful twists of the plot, and witty remarks are all thrown across the pages of a book titled â€Å"The Hunger Games† by Suzanne Collins. The book was looked upon by many teenagers as if it was a sacred treasure meant to be read by a select few. I was driven by both madness and curiosity to uncover how such a book would deserve this much attention. To my surprise, â€Å"The Hunger Games† demonstrated a well thought plot, conflicting love, triangle and intense life or death matters. The story is set in the post, apocalyptic country of Panem, where America once stood. The country is divided into 12 districts and ruled by a dictating government known as the Capitol. The heroine, 16 year old Katniss Everdeen lives in the Seam, located in the poorest region; District 12. At one point, there was a District 13, but it was consequently destroyed for leading a war against the Capitol. The rest of the districts gave up easily and were forced to follow the cynical Capitol, avoiding the same fate as District 13. Accompanied by Katniss is heartthrob Gale Hawthorne; the leading lady’s best friend. Gale and Katniss have been hunting together at the woods near the outlying district. They’re content using the animals they’ve caught for food for their family or for a trade of money. Suddenly, everything for Katniss changes when she is faced with the decision to take the place of her sister at the Annual Hunger Games; a brutal, televised event that pits 24 teenagers from the ages of 12 to 17 to fight until there is one standing. One boy and girl are picked from each district and are orced to participate as tributes. This is the punishment that all districts must go through. It’s the Capitol’s way of reminding the nation once more that they are in charge and can send children off to combat without anyone’s say in it. Katniss’s decision to join the games leaves her accompanied by an old flame, Peeta Melark; the baker’s son. The way Collins devel oped each character thoroughly with distinct differences leads you to ponder which of the two, Peeta or Gale, is right for Katniss. Both Katniss and Peeta took notice of each other from afar and are connected by a single moment. On a rainy day at the Seam, Katniss is faced with little to no money and doesn’t have any food to offer to her family. She sits hunched over outside the bakery until Peeta walks up to her and offers her bread from his bakery. From that moment on, Peeta is nicknamed the boy with the bread. This act of kindness sets him off as frail and kind; unlike Gale, who is seen as tough and aggressive. By increasing her chance of survival, Katniss and Peeta are publicly announced as star crossed lovers and must defend each other in the arena. All the while, it is evident that Gale has feelings for her yet he must watch the girl he loves the most fall into the arms of someone else. Katniss is torn between the boy she left back home to the boy with the bread. Throughout the book, her thoughts and feelings often clash with one another and she has been reluctant to go to both Peeta and Gale. The games are held at a remote arena filled with many surprises. Katniss is doing whatever it takes to survive the unknown. She somewhat acts like a babysitter to Peeta by protecting him from every little thing. What surprised me the most was just how easily she was willing to kill children for the sake of her life. At this point, she has been made a pawn by the Capitol, and the Capitol is winning. She makes friends, and loses friends. The weather is constantly changing and the tributes slowly start to die off. Katniss must also battle with other tributes for the limited amount of food and water supply left. It is very startling to even imagine myself in her position. Everyone there wants to survive yet not everyone is even lucky enough to get through the first day. The seemingly endless battle drove me insane! I can’t imagine how hard it would be to go to sleep with the thought of not making it out alive the next day. The heart breaking thing to do is ally with a complete stranger. Katniss has been faced with many and must make a choice as the number of survivors left start thinning down. I highly recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in a thought provoking story line, romance, and life or death situations. This book will keep you up at night even after finishing it. This fast paced story will keep you reading with excitement. Sources http://www.thehungergames.co.uk/

level 3 business studiesUnit 3 introduction to Marketing P1 Essay

For this assignment I have been asked to do a report on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(say what you have been asked to do) The company I chose for this marketing report is kellogs and Nestle. I will first start off by writing about Kellogs. About Kellogs Kellogs is a †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(Give history of Kellogs and background info) The types of products Kellogs produces are†¦.. (make sure you mention the products kellogs produces and the general target market for these producst E. g. cereals – aimed at consumers aged 5 onwards, can you think of any other products? ) Marketing strategies used by Kellogs Kellogs use a variety of marketing strategies. One of which is the growth strategy which can take many forma s as listed below.. 1. growth strategies (such as diversification, product development, market penetration or market development, Ansoff’s Matrix) I will write about the Growth strategies in greater detail. For Kellogs they use all the following strategies for growth. Growth strategies are: Market penetration – say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products Market development -say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products Product development – say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products Diversification -say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products About Nestle Nestle is a †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(Give history of Nestle and background info) The types of products Kellogs produces are†¦.. (make sure you mention the products Nestle produces and the general target market for these producst E. g. cereals – aimed at consumers aged 5 onwards, can you think of any other products? ) Marketing strategies used by Nestle Nestle use a variety of marketing strategies. One of which is the growth strategy which can take many forms as as listed below.. 1. growth strategies (such as diversification, product development, market penetration or market development, Ansoff’s Matrix) I will write about the Growth strategies in greater detail. For Nestle they use all the following strategies for growth. Market penetration – say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Market development -say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Diversification -say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Product development -say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Other marketing strategies for Kellogs Now we will look at survival strategies and relationship marketing because they are other strategies that both nestle and Kellogs use. For kellogs their survival strategies are: survival strategies; Mention in detail Kellogs strategies such as branding (importance in influencing buyer behaviour, brand building, positioning, brand extension) look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3 And another strategy Kellogs use is relationship marketing: relationship marketing Mention definition, difference between transactional marketing and relationship marketing, value of lifetime customer and how Kellogs has used relationship marketing look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3 Other marketing strategies for Nestle Now we will look at survival strategies and relationship marketing because they are other strategies that both nestle and Nestle use. For Nestle their survival strategies are: survival strategies; Mention in detail Nestle strategies such as branding (importance in influencing buyer behaviour, brand building, positioning, brand extension) look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3 And another strategy Nestle use is relationship marketing: relationship marketing Mention the definition, difference between transactional marketing and relationship marketing, value of lifetime customer and how Nestle has used relationship marketing look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3

Comparing Canadian and American Government essays

Comparing Canadian and American Government essays The governments of Canada and the United States are theoretically based on the political system of democracy. In the United States, their particular system of checks and balances severely disrupts the operations of the government. In addition to this, the American electoral process does not operate in a way where individual's interests are the main focus. In Canada, not only is our electoral system more democratic than that of the United States, but our system of government, including checks and balances, ensures a smoother running government which is more able to fairly govern the nation. The Canadian and American executive branches differ in a way which allows Canada to make executive decisions with much more foresight into future ramifications than our United States counterparts. Furthermore, the Canadian legislative branch functions much more fairly than that of the United States. The Canadian government is a more democratic one than the United States government given their syst em of checks and balances, their electoral process and the influence of the people on the legislative and executive branches. The checks and balances system in governments allows certain branches to validate or ensure decisions made by other branches are just. For example, in the United States, the Supreme Court decides whether or not legislation is constitutional. In Canada, the Governor General, under extreme circumstances, may protect the people from a Prime Minister who chooses to make unjust decisions by refusing powers to the Prime Minister. In the United States, the Head of State cannot do this because they are the same person. The Canadian system of checks and balances is less direct and fixed than that of the United States. Canada's checks and balances lie within our idea ofresponsible government?. This is more of a safety precaution than a system. The cabinet is the official ruling body; however, it is not free from the House of Commons. When t...

Canadian Mosaic

Canadian Mosaic Free Online Research Papers When I arrived in Canada last year, I saw different people of different skin colors. There were white, yellow, black and brown. I got surprised cause I never thought about Canada like this. I never thought of Europeans, Americans, Latinos, Africans and Asians will ever settle in one place. But it is happening, right here where I immigrated to. It is a fact that Canada is racially diverse. The 250,000 to 300,000 residents of Canada are composing of about 50 societies belonging to twelve linguistic groups. Aside from the two prevailing groups co-existing inside Canada (Anglophones and Francophones), the presence of the minorities contributes in its culture, language and values (Burnet 66 and Bibby 158, 162-169). This gives out to a mosaic idea of Canada (Bibby 158, Burnet 71). The mosaic means putting together distinctive characteristics among the people leaving in Canada. This means every ethnicity, including English and French, must preserve their own culture and language in particular. For me, this impression is not a hindrance in developing distinctive Canadian identity. In fact speakers and writers never get tired of praising the condition in which ethnic groups can preserve their uniqueness and yet live as a Canadian (Burnett 66). This mosaic idea will be distinctively Canadian as long as its two components, bilingualism and multiculturalism, will be accepted and appreciated by most Canadians. Every move must start on the huge part of the mosaic- the Anglophones and Francophones. The conflict between them must be resolved first before anything else. According to Wardhaugh, the English- French conflict is an enduring trademark of Canadian history (Wardhaugh 13). Apart from their language difference, each group is tied up with different culture and values (Richer and Laporte 75). This may affect the relationship between the two groups. These two countrywide mindful individuals have to gain knowledge of co-existence inside a federal system which can provide that opportunity (Wardhaugh 16). Just what the late Prime Minister Trudeau visualized about Canada before he became the Prime Minister: The die is cast in Canada: there are two main ethnic and linguistic groups; each is too strong and too deeply rooted in the past, too firmly bound to a mother-culture, to be able to engulf the other. But if the two will collaborate at the hub of a truly pluralistic state, Canada could become the envied seat of a form of federalism that belongs to tomorrows world? (Wardhaugh 18) As the original immigrant-groups, as they claim themselves, these cultural differences is only a minor problem but it seems like language difference is still a big deal. Indeed the government wants to end this divergence and to fill in a puzzle piece on the mosaic. The government passed The Official Languages Act of 1969 which reserves bilingualism as an official government rule (Wardhaugh 15, Breton 51 and Dasko). French and English becomes the official language of Canada. The new act did not bring peace between the majorities instead it remains disrupted because of the Bill 101 of 1977 under the said languages act which forced a diminution of English language in Quebec. The bill infuriated most of the English (Wardhaugh 14-15). It even gets worst as French Canadians began to identify themselves as Quà ©bà ©cois. The incident was marked by the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism as the greatest crisis in Canadian history (Burnett 67). There are also records of low approval of the law among the Canadians almost twenty years after passing the Official Languages Act. Outside Quebec a little less than 50 percent Canadians agree with the policy. The statistics range at about 50 percent in Ontario and the Atlantic Region, through 41 percent in British Columbia to a low of 36 percent on the Prairies. Certainly, most of western Ontarians consistently favour English as the only language they want (Bibby 159). However, more and more Quebeckers has supported bilingualism (Bibby 161). As Bibby concludes, bilingualism will continue to have a dawdling but consistent growing level of recognition (161). But Bibbys hypothesis is wrong. After two decades, the inclination towards bilingualism is still the same. It is even declining. According to Dugas and Cheadles article, the significance of bilingualism to Canadian identity declines dramatically past childhood. From 75 percent of 12- 15 years old agreed that bilingualism was vital to them as being Canadian, the popularity declines to 49 percent among ages 22 to 30 (Dugas and Cheadle). In the same article, Jack Jebwab, executive director of the Montreal-based Association for Canadian Studies is frustrated about the results because they put so much effort on getting the country back on bilingual trail. This situation is a hindrance in progress of any type of unified Canadian identity and even consistency in creating a strong and distinguishing policy (Wardhaugh 17). However, according to another study conducted by Dasko, the approval rating is increasing towards the end of decade. The results are contradictory to each other but as what Dasko states, opinions vary from person to person and varying events and phenomena. Though there is still a gap between the English and French when it comes to bilingualism law, the smaller part of the mosaic, the immigrants and different people of different culture and race collectively known as the ethnic minorities, is not taking the same difficulty. Hypothetically, this must be more difficult because it deals with more different culture and more misunderstanding because of different languages. Two years after approving Official Language Act, the Multiculturalism Policy of 1971 is presented to the people (Dasko and Wardhaugh 199). This is in accordance to the governments multiculturalism within a bilingual framework (Wardhaugh 199). Included in this policy are the English and French so therefore all the residents have their minority group for all of us to remain equal though bilingualism is at work. This policy aims to do four things according to the governments compliance to the fourth volume of the Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalis m. First, it would provide support on cultures, provided the resources are available, that want to continue to develop and participate in development of Canada. Second, it would provide assistance for every cultural group to trounce cultural barricades to participate properly in Canadian society. Third, it would encourage creative activities to unite all Canadian cultural groups. Finally, it would provide ways and facilities for the immigrants to know any of Canadas official languages (Wardhaugh 199). As a member of the minorities, I am greatly convinced that our government is doing everything they can to meet the goals of the policy. One concrete example is the Folklorama Festival which enables every ethnic group in Winnipeg to showcase their own cultures and literature. This is also a way to unite all ethnic groups. Also recently, a cultural building for Filipinos (Philippine Cultural Center of Manitoba) was recently opened. I believe there are also cultural centers for other ethn ic groups of still being planned. Public acceptance on this policy is not a major problem for it increases its supporters as the years pass by. According to a statistics conducted by the Environics, they asked Canadians about their awareness of the multicultural policy (Dasko). It is growing until the 1990s when it fell and started to increase again at the last part of the 90s, and in 2002, 79 percent of Canadians are aware of the policy (Dasko). Then another survey is conducted if the Canadians approve or disapprove the multicultural policy. In the year 1989, the first time it was carried out, it is approved by 63 percent of people they asked. It then goes down during the early 1990s and going up again from mid 90s to 2002 (Dasko). It said on 2002, 74 percent of Canadians say they back up the policy of multiculturalism. These statistics shows that Canadians becomes more and more favourable of multiculturalism during the 1989- 2002 time frame (Dasko). The next questions asked concerns about the effects of the multiculturalism policy. The first one is Will the multicultural policy cause degradation on Canadian identity? 59 percent say it does not lead to deprivation of Canadian identity (Dasko). The second is Will the multicultural policy bring out more conflict involving racial and ethnic groups in Canada? 59 percent of the people asked say it will not bring out conflict among the racial and ethnic groups compared to 47 percent in 1997 and 41 percent in 1989. Only a third of Canadians say it will direct more conflict between groups (Dasko). The third one is not significant to this paper so I will jump into the fourth question which is Will the multicultural policy lead to greater national unity? (Dasko). The percentage increased from 46 percent to 65 percent from 1997 to 2002. The next significant question is Will multicultural policy contribute to a greater understanding between different groups in Canada? (Dasko). Again, the ma jority (77 percent) of Canadians say it does contribute to a better understanding between each groups. This is a giant leap for the Canadians who are still in search of their true identity because they show unity over approval of multiculturalism and sooner totally accept it as a part of their whole being. When the bilingualism and multiculturalism are put on together to form a mosaic, a true identity is formed. But for the past few decades, the French Canadians and English Canadians seem not aware of ethnic features they share together and assessment between their arguments and of those of other racial groups (Burnet 74). They do not know that they contribute on the cultural fortification of Canada (Burnet 67). The people must become aware of this and take this into safe keeping before it is too late (Burnet 67). However, there is a progress on this issue. In a survey conducted by Daskos party shows that most Canadians think bilingualism and multiculturalism collectively is significant for the Canadian identity. It is maybe due to improving relationships amongst the residents of Canada. The uneasiness towards the Indo-Pakistanis, Canadian Indians, Jews, Blacks and Orientals are declining according to a survey conducted during 1980s and also supported by the surveys about multicultural ism conducted recently as shown on previous paragraphs. It is also due to the increasing number of inter-racial marriage which results into sharing of cultures. Therefore, its outcome is a better understanding and appreciation of different cultures (Bibby 162- 169). When it comes to English- French relations as a huge and serious problem, in 1980s survey, it declined from 16 percent to 13 percent in Quebec and 12 percent outside Quebec (Bibby 162). The question now is why the result is not parallel to the popularity of bilingualism among the Canadians. Well, different people have different perspectives so we will not be able to know as long as we ask each Canadian. In conclusion, there is still a slight complexity about bilingualism in contrast to multiculturalism which has an increasing support among the Canadians. So Canada is still in process of making the mosaic. But the picture is becoming clear now as the government is trying its best to make the mosaic identity a reality with the help of the policies they are conducting. Thru these policies, each component is increasingly developing throughout the time. The only thing missing is the total support of all Canadians. Also, having different cultures and languages is not a hindrance on building a true identity. Instead, developing and preserving individual traits and cultures will serve as one of building blocks of Canadian identity. Here is a great passage concerning this by Sir Wilfrid Laurier: I want the marble to remain the marble; the granite to remain granite; the oak to remain the oak; and out of all these elements I would build a nation great among the nations of the world. (Burnet 71) This will not happen without the Canadians cooperation. Though the bilingualism issues slows down the process of making the mosaic, still the optimism among the Canadians on finding their true identity is on the mosaic idea. Let me state what Bibby says about Canada: One Canada, two languages and many cultures, complete with acceptance and respect of differences, comprise the national ideals (Bibby 159). This is already at hand; it only waits for the people to acquire. Bibby, Reginald W. Bilingualism and Multiculturalism: A National Reading. Ethnic Canada: Identities and Inequalities. Ed Leo Driedger. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, c1987. 158- 169. Breton, Raymond. Symbolic Dimensions of Linguistic and Ethnological Realities. Ethnic Canada: Identities and Inequalities. Ed Leo Driedger. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, c1987. 44- 63. Burnet, Jean. Multiculturalism in Canada. Ethnic Canada: Identities and Inequalities. Ed Leo Driedger. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, c1987. 65- 79. Cheadle, Bruce and Dan Dugas. Ideal of a Bilingual Canada Becoming Frayed by Ambivalence, Indifference. Canadian Press NewsWire Dec. 2004. Multiple Databases. ProQuest. University of Winnipeg Library, MB. 23 November 2005 Dasko, Donna. Public Attitude Towards Multiculturalism in Canada. Canadian Issues Summer 2004: 30. Multiple Databases. ProQuest. University of Winnipeg Library, MB. 23 November 2005 Elliott, J.L. Introduction Canada: Two Nations, Many Cultures?. Two Nations, Many Cultures: Ethnic Groups in Canada. Ed Jean Leonard Elliott. Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice-Hall of Canada, c1979. 1- 6. Laporte, Pierre E. and Stephen Richer. Culture, Cognition, and English-French Competition. Two Nations, Many Cultures: Ethnic Groups in Canada. Ed Jean Leonard Elliott. Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice-Hall of Canada, c1979. 75- 83. Wardhaugh, Ronald. Language and Nationhood: The Canadian Experience. Vancouver: New Star Books Ltd, 1983. Research Papers on Canadian MosaicQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Exploring the learning impact of Venezuelan students anti-government protest

Exploring the learning impact of Venezuelan students anti-government protest Hashtag: #concluTINTORI Exploring the learning impact of Venezuelan students’ anti-government protest. Implications of Students Absence in Learning Jay Mathews says, â€Å"Books at home push kids toward more schooling† because kids with books at home according to a global study tend to have more years of schooling and become successful professionals. However, books in Venezuelan home seem inadequate, as students are often not in class but out there in the street protesting against President Maduro’s with some them bleeding from police brutality. Some of these students were arrested, charged, tortured, and few others were killed as shown in #concluTINTORI or Conclusions a show hosted by journalist Lillian Tintori, a human rights advocate. Students’ anti-government rallies in and out Venezuelan university campuses are common and sometimes violent due to alleged government anti-dispersal units used of force such as shooting protesters at point blank range. The bigger problem, however, is the fact these students should be in class learning and developing their skills for their chosen career. The result of a study on academic performance suggests that students’ attendance affects their learning. Those with high attendance rate were doing well compared to students who were frequently not in class. Similarly, a UK study shows the strong correlation between attendance and academic achievement. Absenteeism increased with each grade level while dropout rate is greater in students with poor attendance. Want to know more? Go here: Womens Right to Education Developing Students Creativity Perspiration Is Nothing without Inspiration Practice What You Preach Is Sports Competition Relevant to Academic Learning Study of reasons for excessive student absence from class found illness as the main cause of absences. Absenteeism in Venezuela according to a 2007 study was the highest among participating countries at 18% compared to Portugal with 2.8%. Around 4% of the population had less than 2 years of education, 4.6 of children aged 7-16 had no education. Since the university rallies started in mid-2014, academic activities in around 18 underfunded universities are irregular. Faculty members, instructional materials, laboratory supplies, and others are scarce. The absences and interruptions in classes will likely affect their academic performance. Absenteeism in higher education often correlates with grades obtained by students. Students skip classes for both health and social reasons such as racism and school climate. The teacher-students ratio significantly affects learning while poor working environment degrade the quality of teaching. Statistics taken from OECD countries suggest that students spent almost half of required lesson hours in schools with shortages in teachers and educational resources. Poor quality of teaching and school environment has a cumulative and debilitating effect on students’ achievement. In fact, the study found that it is more influential than socio-economic factors. The economic crisis according to the report is intensifying as basic commodities are gradually disappearing from the shelves. The violent protest, on the other hand, will likely cause further damage to property, additional injuries and deaths, and further deterioration in the functioning of educational institutions including learning of Venezuelan students. There is probably a need for school and student leaders to talk and share ideas on the possibility of achieving peace through dialogue. This is because quality education cannot be achieved through protest. In fact, it will further increase the rate of violence, number of casualties, the extent of property damage, and economic difficulties.

Politeness Theory by Brown & Levinson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Politeness Theory by Brown & Levinson - Essay Example Everyone has a genuine face and a face with the mask. While speaking to someone you go by pretentions, depending upon your estimate of the nature of the individual. Smart sales personnel in a departmental store frame their own definitions and strategies while dealing with the customers. But impolite disposition should not be a rule but an exception. Howsoever powerful may the waves of the ocean, their real nature is mere water! Similarly man’s real nature is politeness. Impoliteness is the hallmark. Polite and impolite also need to be understood in the linguistic, cultural and ethnic contexts. Culture impacts our way of expression. Word meanings and their implications in a particular context are different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My real life examples as to how politeness saved the situation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Politeness is peace-giving. Politeness needs to be tempered with humor in critical situations. It is not the trait of the weakling. It is an asset of the strong! â€Å"Silence is the sweetest sound on Earth,† said Mr. Boris Pasternak, the famous Russian author. I politely disagree and desire to give some examples from my own life, why and how I was obliged to break the barrier of silence to defend myself without offending the individual in front of me. In one of the arguments in the shopping mall when I was making desperate attempts to restrict the possible cut on my credit card, and requesting my wife to put a break to the shopping spree, she challenged me to ask, â€Å"Do you always think that whatever you say is correct?†

Black popular culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black popular culture - Essay Example Popular culture or media often labelled or stereotyped the truth about existence. For instance, Walker’s novel identified African descendants in the West as profoundly mythic due to novel’s portrayal of female circumcision (Dent, 2). Popular culture often lead the readers or viewers to create a representation of the subject, group, or message based on their own imagination and this is where stereotyping starts. Stereotyping is such as big issue and attention grabber that members of the popular culture often used a black protagonist to sustain their economy. Why media would dumped the idea of black liberalism where it could attract readers’/viewers’ attention to buy and patronize the story? Authors proposed that rather than introducing policies, we should study the effects of stereotypic gaze to resurrect the idea of communal privacy. Recent television shows like The Modern Family is an example of a show on which the media represents stereotyping as a story that would catch the public’s attention and eventually will be drawn to the story. The conversations between Gloria, Phil and Cam were the funniest among the scenes because they are sort of stereotypical. Media has created a picture of the society we live in where something stereotypic is something funny. In a scene, Gloria, struggling to fit in the American society was laughed at by the audience. In this case, is it right to laugh at a person or specifically at another race who is struggling to fit in an American culture or another’s culture? Basically, it is not! Hegemony is a dominant ideology or set of controlling ideas and beliefs as a result of the cultural politics of difference. Racial/cultural hegemony talks about the balance of power in society. There is always a â€Å"nothing ever changes, the system always win† attitude (Dent, 24). However, we could change this notion of the

Marketing topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing topic - Essay Example The findings suggest that Qatar Airways cargo services are dealing with certain issues, which are mostly owing to its lack of brand equity in the cargo sector. As recommended, the company has the need to strategize it branding policies, especially in the domain of cargo business with the deliverance of proper and innovative services to the customers, so that it can move ahead in competition with the rivals. Hence, it can be stated that branding indeed is quite vital for the growth and sustainability of the business in the present day context. Strategies often refer to the actions that the organisations of this present day context adopt with the aim of enhancing their respective competitive positioning and sustaining in this competitive landscape for longer time. The approaches of conducting business by modern organisations within the global business arena have changed rapidly in the contemporary scenario, which may be owing to the increasing competitiveness of the market. Furthermore, due to the continuous fluctuating demand of the market, companies are dealing with severe challenges in the course of conducting their respective business operations (Smith & Round, 1998). Thus, in this regard, companies need to frame effective decisions in the domain of operations, marketing, human resource and finance among others to ensure a sustainable future for their businesses. However, proper marketing strategies are deemed to be a vital component for enhancing the competitiveness of the businesses in the global business sector (Pea rson, n.d.). In the contemporary business scenario, business operations need to undergo immense transformation in order to meet the ever-changing demands of the stakeholders (Fernando, 2010). The importance of diverse marketing roles in business generally appears in this scenario. It will be significant to state that marketing is one of the valuable functions, which directly works towards enhancing the brand image and

Strategy briefing paper regarding the strategic issue Essay

Strategy briefing paper regarding the strategic issue - Essay Example So the handsets manufactured must have facilities that support internet surfing (Grant, 2010, p. 72). The major players in the handset business are Samsung and Apple which have captured a huge amount of market. The brands have considerable acceptability throughout the world. Not only that these brands are constantly in the process of providing the customers with the most updated products making the handset experience as pleasant as possible. There are several booming economies like China, Latin America and India which these companies have targeted and for this these brands had to take very intense pricing strategies. These companies have a very wide acceptability in these economies. The introduction of the 3G in the mobile network has resulted in making the telecommunications faster (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p. 23). Apple and Samsung have remained the market leader in the 3G technology. Nokia has lagged behind in this segment. The design innovation in case of Samsung and Apple are much better .Hence these handsets have better acceptability among the customers. The ope rating system that Nokia initially used has very low acceptability and therefore most of the buyers have switched to the Android Model. Thus it is essential for Nokia to upgrade itself to the Windows operating system to get the acceptability in the market. After the acquisition of the company by the software giant Microsoft the company can explore a lot of opportunities in which Nokia should be following the strategies taken by Apple (Wingfield, 2013, p. 12). Nokia would be able to use the advanced operating system of Microsoft. The company can use the technological research and developments made by Microsoft to enhance the features of the Nokia handset. The software giant Microsoft would be able to market the products of Nokia in a better way. This is because Microsoft has a very wide network and the distribution channels and

Variations on the Modern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Variations on the Modern - Essay Example Some of the major political and societal changes which brought about the modernism were the post world wars situation. The huge developments and transformations in industry and technology coupled with the cultural exchanges, transportation and communication developments and influences from the West. The period of modernism in Scandinavia and Italy was both progressive and optimistic. It stems from the renaissance for the historians and was a cultural movement which impacted the Scandinavian and Italian art, architecture, music and literature. The breaking away from the conventional styles to newer representations in the period, where there was a shift from the traditional values. The period also marked growth and innovations in science, ethics, philosophy and psychology besides the previously mentioned art, architecture, music and literature. Different countries have had their share of influencing modernism. This period saw a change in the style and ideology of art during this era. T he philosophy of art was transformed during this period in terms of the themes and subject matter, and also the use of colours, shapes and lines. The intellectual underpinnings of modernism emerge during the Renaissance period when, through the study of the art, poetry, philosophy, and science of ancient Greece and Rome, humanists revived the notion that man, rather than God, is the measure of all things, and promoted through education ideas of citizenship and civic consciousness. The period also gave rise to ‘utopian’ visions of a more perfect society.1 Below is a modernism timeline which shows the significant events between 1920- 1970. Modernism in Scandinavia Scandinavia had a mixed dynamics of cultures, language and politics. This gave birth to a versatile and multi dimensional philosophy of art and design which became more assertive. The movement from Europe enveloped Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Finland within its fold. The Scandinavian countries had their own unique, yet impactful role in the move towards modernism. The response to the stimuli from the modern world was distinctive. The countries were experiencing the same changes in the modern life- social equality, industrialization and urbanization. Nonetheless, the outcomes and impact showed the unique natures of art and skills that evolved, which gave individuality and characteristic art and design to each of the countries. Yet the distinctiveness was combined with features which were common to all the Scandinavian countries which include a unifying touch in terms of humanism, tradition, moderation, handcrafted perfectionism, modesty, quietude and purposefulness, 2 which came to know as the style of the Scandinavian modern art. Among the European countries, the Scandinavian were able to portray the modern artistic touch in their traditional and conventional craft most expressively. Countries such as Denmark, Sweden and Finland which had internal dynamics and resources which led to an increased inclination towards the craft industries were most explicit in communicating the modern aesthetic in their art and craft. With the breakdown of the craft guild system in the mid- nineteenth century, they established a number of

Strategy briefing paper regarding the strategic issue Essay

Strategy briefing paper regarding the strategic issue - Essay Example So the handsets manufactured must have facilities that support internet surfing (Grant, 2010, p. 72). The major players in the handset business are Samsung and Apple which have captured a huge amount of market. The brands have considerable acceptability throughout the world. Not only that these brands are constantly in the process of providing the customers with the most updated products making the handset experience as pleasant as possible. There are several booming economies like China, Latin America and India which these companies have targeted and for this these brands had to take very intense pricing strategies. These companies have a very wide acceptability in these economies. The introduction of the 3G in the mobile network has resulted in making the telecommunications faster (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p. 23). Apple and Samsung have remained the market leader in the 3G technology. Nokia has lagged behind in this segment. The design innovation in case of Samsung and Apple are much better .Hence these handsets have better acceptability among the customers. The ope rating system that Nokia initially used has very low acceptability and therefore most of the buyers have switched to the Android Model. Thus it is essential for Nokia to upgrade itself to the Windows operating system to get the acceptability in the market. After the acquisition of the company by the software giant Microsoft the company can explore a lot of opportunities in which Nokia should be following the strategies taken by Apple (Wingfield, 2013, p. 12). Nokia would be able to use the advanced operating system of Microsoft. The company can use the technological research and developments made by Microsoft to enhance the features of the Nokia handset. The software giant Microsoft would be able to market the products of Nokia in a better way. This is because Microsoft has a very wide network and the distribution channels and

Juvenile Charged as an adult and discuss life leading to criminal Research Paper

Juvenile Charged as an adult and discuss life leading to criminal background - Research Paper Example According to deputy attorney general, the case will also serve as an example to others who have the intension of commiting a similar. However, the manner in which this case was handled and ruled created severe criticism from human right activist, media, family members, and other professionals. According to critics, despite the nature and magnitude of the case, the boy was supposed to be treated like a minor in a juvenile court. There were some background information and experiences that forced the case to be moved into adult court systems. Up to that time, Jordan was the youngest suspects to be charged with homicide in the country. The essay below will address some of the background information that directed Jordan brown case to adult court (Nitespinr, 2010). To start with, in Pennsylvania, the law does not provide the lower age limit for murder charges. Due to this, a minor can be charged as a grown up person in a criminal homicide. The laws that operate in Pennsylvania therefore allowed Jordan to be charged with murder case the same way an adult can be charged in any court. On the other hand, according to University of Texas lecturer Lyndon Johnson, in most states across the country, the law permits children to be prosecuted in adult courts. Most of these laws were passed in 1990s and 1980s when juvenile crimes were at the pick. Additionally, in the initial stage of the case, Jordan failed to acknowledge his guilty. Despite of the available evidence, Jordan and his family declined to accept Jordan wrongdoing. According to Anthony Krastek, the deputy attorney general, it was very complicated for the boy to get the required counseling and counseling in the situation where he declines to acknowledge his guilty. As stated by the deputy attorney general, counseling services are only granted to suspect who acknowledge their guilty. On the other hand, the prosecutor informed the court

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus Essay Example for Free

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus Essay Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror have all played a role throughout history. Throughout history, the motivation of man’s self interest has concluded in the domination of those with little or no power in the absence of the rule of law. The war on terror presents an unpredictable challenge for the United States since terrorists are apprehended and deprived of due process. Habeas corpus is considered to be one of the most fundamental guarantees of personal liberty that we cherished as a country since the inception of our Constitution. However, debates have arisen regarding the proper use of habeas corpus making the focus be brought back in the past decade. Since September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States, many people have been detained by the U. S. government as part of its war on terror. Many of these detainees face indefinite detention and have not yet been charged with a crime. The right of Habeas corpus overrules man’s interpretation and allows those accused federal and state court representation before a judge, or jury. The accusers deemed innocent until proven guilty, they have the right to representation, and appear in person for the charges brought forth. The purpose of this paper is to show how Habeas corpus came about, and its suspension by the United States. Also, the war on terror will be addressed along with the Supreme Court’s interpretation. Learning the history of Habeas corpus and how it works, allows us to see just how these laws are supposed to be carried out from our Constitution and not to be reconciled with. Habeas corpus is a judicially enforceable order issued by a court of law to the prison official ordering that a prisoner be brought to court so it can be determined whether or not has been lawfully imprisoned or should be released from custody. The right of Habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court of law, showing that he/she has been wrongly imprisoned. Habeas corpus is granted in Article l of the Constitution which states, â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the Public Safety may require it. (Farrell, Iowa College) Habeas Corpus Petition is a petition filed with a court when someone objects to his own or another’s imprisonment. The petition mush show that the court ordering the imprisonment made a legal or factual error. The laws are put forth for a fair trial and freedom from laws passed after the fact. Ultimately, they protect us from the whim of those powers, and distinguish a government of laws from government of men. The historical evolution of Habeas corpus born from the Magna Carta, known as the English Bill of Rights, began in England in the early 1200s. King John of England initiated long drawn out wars against people. Growing tired of King John’s lack of leadership, concerned for the citizens they decided to come up with the Magna Carta which would limit the amount of power his Monarchy had. By means of fear and violence the Baron’s forced the King to accept and acknowledge the agreement that would honor the constitutional rights, privilege, and the greater protection of the people. Upon signing it meant that it would be null and void forever. (Harringer, K.  J, 2011) The Magna Carta states, â€Å"no free man shall be taken or imprisoned or diseased or exiled or in any other way destroyed except by the lawful judgment of their peers or by the law of the land†. (Obban, 2011) Habeas corpus was unknown to many civil law systems in Europe. European civil law systems generally favored authority from the top down whereas Angelo-Saxon common law tends to favor the individual. The Angelo-Saxon common law comes from England, after the English Civil War and the beheading of King Charles l in 1649; it led to establishing a clear position between King and citizen. Therefore, all the confrontation of top to bottom civil law principles continuously kept yielding with the ancient but law of the land. As a feature of common law, the right of Habeas corpus reflects the age old contest between individual and the state. Habeas corpus empowers the individual in holding accountable the exercise of the states power to influence liberty. Our founding fathers were well aware of the Magna Carta, and its astonishing abilities to be something great especially James Madison who was the primary architect of the American Bill of Rights. Greatly influenced by the potential of the agreement, James Madison began his own interpretation. James Madison borrowed heavily from Article 39 of the Magna Carta which limited the legislative power. Madison was a key player in growing that particular article into the Bill of Rights. It was through Magna Carta and our founding fathers interpretation of that article that the American courts used and still use today when interpreting the rights of enemy combatants. (Halliday, 2011) September 24th 1862 Lincoln issued a proclamation suspending the writs of Habeas corpus nationwide and specified whose rights would be suspended. All traitors and rebel militias against the U. S. shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishment. (Longley, 2012) In 1866 after the American Civil War had ended the Supreme Court officially and fully restored Habeas corpus throughout the entire nation. That would not be the first time a president would suspend the writ of Habeas corpus. On October 17, 2006 President George Bush suspended the right of Habeas corpus by determining that certain persons were in fact â€Å"enemy combatant† during the Global War on Terror. It came about from before the September 11, 2001 terrorists attacks, hundreds of people have been detained by the United States government as part of its war on terror at locations such as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba and Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan. Most of these detainees have faced indefinite detention and have neither been charged with a crime nor afforded prisoner of war Status. Many of these prisoners have sought out to use Habeas corpus proceedings to challenge the legality of their detention. However, the government decided that their status as â€Å"enemy combatants† outside of the sovereign territory of the United States. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court determined that non-citizen detainees at Guantanamo Bay were entitled to file habeas corpus petitions in federal courts. Congress subsequently made a political determination as to the appropriate scope of habeas corpus and passed legislation that stripped federal courts of jurisdiction to hear Habeas corpus petitions brought by enemy combatants. However, the ruling was shortly overturned which led to President George Bush signing the law of suspending the right of habeas corpus. President Bush’s action drew severe criticism, mainly for the law’s failure to specifically designate who in the United States will determine who is and who is not an â€Å"enemy combatant†. Both presidents received sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. President Bush suspended writs of Habeas corpus through his support and signing into law of the Military Commissions Act of 2006. The bill grants the President of the United States almost unlimited authority in establishing and conducting military commissions to try persons held by the U. S. on the Global War of Terrorism. In addition, the Act suspends the right of â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants† to present, or to have presented in their behalf. On June 12, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush, 5 to 4 that Guantanamo captives were entitled to access the U. S. justice system. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote in the majority opinion: The laws and Constitution are designed to survive, and remain in force, in extraordinary times. The Court also ruled that the Combatant Status Review Tribunals were â€Å"inadequate†. Chief Justice John Stevens joined Kennedy in the majority. Chief Justice John Roberts, in the minority opinion, called the CSR Tribunals the most generous set of procedural protections ever afforded aliens detained by this country as â€Å"enemy combatants†. The Supreme Court ruling responded by Vincent Warren (executive director of the Center for Constitutional Rights) actions. The Supreme Court has finally given the men held at Guantanamo the justice that always deserved. By granting the right of Habeas corpus, the Supreme Court recognizes a rule of law that was established hundreds of years ago. This 6 year long crisis is a lesson on how fragile our constitutional protections truly are in the hands of very persistent executives. The role of presidents is a very hot topic throughout history on how they will act when the occasion arises with war on terror. I believe that many presidents have abused their power in the past against the Constitution and have taken measures into their own hands. The role of the president is one of the hardest occupations out there since they decide on our fates of the future and our lives. Habeas corpus and the president’s role as commander-in-chief has to be terrifying when faced with the decision on what to do on situations of dealing with â€Å"enemy combatants†. Therefore, every president wants to carry out the Constitution, but when faced with protecting our Nation it would seem unbearable. I agree that Congress should be able to deny or overturn the president when it comes to Habeas corpus so that not just one person is deciding the fate of others. Also, the Supreme Court should be the decision in the middle for a tie breaker so everyone gets the hearing that is deserved as fair and not unconstitutional. I do have concerns when it comes to our country war on terror because this is my nation and I want to protect it also. However, everyone has the right to a fair trial and is innocent until proven guilty; we also need to stick to the laws that our founding fathers intended for us so that the government cannot bend the rules on situations. The evolution of Habeas corpus has brought out many key factors that our government needs follow. There have been many heated debates over the years on how we must not bend the laws that is why we have the Supreme Court and Congress stepping in over the commander-in-chief. Nevertheless, these laws are in place to protect everyone, moreover to avoid unlawful apprehension, and ensure that Habeas corpus works are intended by the Constitution.

Immunosorbent Assay in a Synacthen Test

Immunosorbent Assay in a Synacthen Test Introduction In this practical, an immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the outcome of a Synacthen test. This test is used to assess adrenal gland functions. It is routinely used to diagnose adrenal insufficiency and other related conditions. It works by giving a patient a dose of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Synacthen) in the morning after taking a baseline serum sample. The Synacthen will normally stimulate the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. Further serum sample are taken post dose (after 30 and 60 minutes) to determine if there is an expected increase in cortisol levels. If there is no response from the adrenal glands (low levels of cortisol), the patient is then diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency (Ref). The levels of cortisol are measured by using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This method uses specific monoclonal antibodies that target cortisol. These antibodies are coated to the plate, once the sample is in contact with the antibodies, the cortisol present in the sample will bind to the specific coated antibodies to form an antibody-antigen complex (Ab-Ag complex). This complex is then bound to a secondary detection antibody which is coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This secondary antibody creates a coloured signal in the presence of TMB substrate due to the HRP. The reaction is then stopped with a stop solution and the coloured signal can then be detected by a spectrophotometer. The intensity of the signal is correlated to the concentration of Ab-Ag complexes. Materials 96 well plate Pipette and tips Primary antibody Patient serum sample x6 (2 samples per patient) Secondary antibody Wash buffer TMB substrate Hydrochloric acid HCl (stop solution) Plate reader Method Firstly, a first washing step was performed on the pre-coated plate. This was done by adding 200 µl of wash buffer to each well of the provided pre-coated plate. The plate was then emptied and the gently tapped on a cloth until all the buffer was removed. This was performed 3 times in a row. Then, 100 µl of the samples were added to a separate well in duplicate and the plate was left to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. After the incubation at room temperature, a second washing step was performed. 100 µl of the secondary antibody was then added to each well and the plate was left to incubate for 60 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, a third washing step was performed. 100 µl of TMB substrate was added to each well and the reaction was left to develop for 15 minutes. Finally, 100 µl of stop solution (HCl) was added to each well to stop the reaction and the plate was read at 450nm on the plate reader. Results The results below were provided to interpret the cortisol levels of the 3 patients: Table 1. Provided results Standards: [Cortisol] nM Absorbance 0 0.046 50 0.060 200 0.132 500 0.200 750 0.339 1000 0.482 Samples and internal quality controls: Sample Absorbance IQC1 0.052 IQC2 0.161 IQC3 0.241 Patient 1 Sample 1 0.081 Patient 1 Sample 2 0.263 Patient 2 Sample 1 0.069 Patient 2 sample 2 0.138 Patient 3 sample 1 0.050 Patient 3 sample 2 0.049 By using the results provided from the standards, a standard curve can be plotted. Figure 1. Standard curve of the absorbance over the concentration Then, by extrapolating the known absorbance from the QCs and samples, corresponding concentrations can be determined as shown below. Table 3. Quality control results QC (45 nmol/L) QC (315 nmol/L) QC (520 nmol/L) absorbance 0.052 0.161 0.241 concentration 48.47 302.75 489.37 Bias % 7.71785044 3.889442 5.889947428 The accuracy of the controls is calculated as absolute bias (% RE, where relative error [RE] = [measured value actual value]/ actual value). The bias is within the 20% range for every quality control meaning that the assay is accurate and that the results generated from the assay are validated (De silva EMEA). Finally, by extrapolating the provided absorbance of the samples on the standard curve, a corresponding concentration can be determined. Table 4. Sample results sample 1 (t=1) sample 1 (t=2) sample 2 (t=1) sample 2 (t=2) sample 3 (t=1) sample 3 (t=2) Absorbance 0.081 0.263 0.069 0.138 0.05 0.049 Concentration (nmol/L) 116.12 540.69 88.13 249.09 43.81 41.47 Discussion As described earlier, assays measuring cortisol levels in the blood are used to interpret Synacthen tests. In this case, 3 patients had undergone a synacthen test, a baseline serum sample and a second serum sample taken after 30 minutes post synacthen dose were taken. The samples were analysed and the cortisol levels were determined for each sample. Using the results obtained from the cortisol assay, a clinical interpretation can be done. According to guidelines, adrenal insufficiency is ruled out if the basal cortisol level is greater than 180 nmol/L, if the increase of cortisol levels 30 minutes post dose is greater than 200nmol/L or if the maximum serum cortisol level is greater than 500-600nmol/L (reference ranges vary depending on the laboratory) (https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/Short%20Synacthen%20Test.pdf)( http://www.pathology.leedsth.nhs.uk/dnn_bilm/Investigationprotocols/Synacthentestsshortlong/StandardShortSynacthenTest.aspx)( http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/cortisol-14668#2) (https://cks.nice.org.uk/addisons-disease#!diagnosisadditional). Patient 1 is a 65 year old male which performed a synacthen test after a surgery to remove a pituitary tumour to assess the adrenal functions. The baseline cortisol levels at time 0 minutes was 116.2nmol/L and the cortisol levels after 30 minutes post dose was 540.69nmol/L. Following the guidelines, this patient does not suffer from adrenal insufficiency even though his basal cortisol levels are lower than 180nmol/L. This low basal level can be explained because part of the pituitary was removed due to a tumour, meaning that the ACTH signal from the pituitary gland to the adrenal cortex will be diminished, therefore the basal cortisol level is decreased. But since the cortisol levels at 30 minutes have increased by more than 200nmol/L and are above 500nmol/L, it can be determined that the Synacthen response is normal. Patient 2 is an asthmatic 15 year old female that performed a synacthen test following a long term steroid treatment. Her basal cortisol level measured was 88.13nmol/L followed by a 30 minute cortisol level of 249nmol/L. Following the guidelines, it can be said that this patient suffers from adrenal insufficiency. This diagnostic is given since the increase in cortisol levels after 30 minutes post synacthen dose is below 200nmol/L, furthermore, the cortisol levels at 30 minutes is greatly below 500nmol/L. The 3rd and final patient is a 38 year old male, admitted to AE after collapsing. His cortisol levels at the time were described as low. Following the synacthen test, the results showed that the basal cortisol level was 43.81nmol/L and the cortisol level after 30 minutes was 41.27nmol/L. According to the guidelines, this patient is suffering from adrenal insufficiency. This diagnosis is determined since the basal cortisol level is below 180nmol/L plus there is no increase in cortisol levels 30 minutes post dose (there is a decrease even!), therefore remaining below normal cortisol levels. This practical used a sandwich ELISA method, a sandwich ELISA uses a primary antibody (capture antibody) coated on a plate, this antibody binds to the antigen present in the sample,in this case the antigen is cortisol. The antigen is then bound to a secondary antibody (detection antibody). In other words, the antigen is sandwiched between the antibodies (see figure 2 step 3). This can only be done if the antigen has at least two antigenic epitopes that can bind to the antibodies. This method has various advantages compared to other ELISA techniques such as the direct method. For example, the sandwich method does not require for the sample to be purified before analysis, also, this technique offers a high sensitivity compared to the direct ELISA technique. Figure 2. Sandwich ELISA schematic (http://www.elisa-antibody.com/ELISA-Introduction/ELISA-types/sandwich-elisa) As shown above the antibody in step 1 is the capture antibody which is coated to the plate prior to the addition of the sample. Step 2 shows the antigen present in the sample binding to the specific capture antibody before being bound to the detection antibody in step 3. Step 4 and 5 show the addition of the secondary antibody which binds to the detection antibody to then create a coloured signal when in presence of the correct substrate. This signal is then measured spectrophotometrically. Another widely used ELISA method is the competitive method. This method is different to the sandwich ELISA since the detection of the antigen or antibody is done in a different approach. The main advantage of using a competitive ELISA is that an antigen can be detected even though the sample is crude or impure. Figure 3. competitive ELISA schematic (http://www.elisa-antibody.com/index.php?page=competitive-elisa) It works on the principle that the more antigen/antibody present in the sample, the less coloured signal will be produced. The antigen or antibody bound to the plate will bind to the specific antibody or antigen present in the sample. A detection antibody is then added, this detection antibody will only bind to the antigen or antibody that was originally bound to the plate, and cannot bind to the antigen/antibody from the sample (it is specific to the plate-bound antigen/antibody). Therefore, the added antibody/antigen and the antigen/antibody present in the sample are in competition for the plate-coated antigen or antibody. Only the detection antibody added after the sample will produce a coloured signal in presence of the correct substrate. This creates a change in intensity of the coloured result depending on the amount of antigen/antibody in the sample. The amount of antigen/antibody in the sample will decrease the intensity of the signal. This practical used wells coated with monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single type of B cell. These identical B cells produce antibodies that present only one unique epitope. These cells are isolated and grown to multiply the production of these single epitope antibodies. The characteristics of these monoclonal antibodies offer a very high specificity since there is only a single epitope, minimizing cross reactivity with different epitope presenting antibodies. These antibodies are preferred in assays which require quantification due to the high specificity. Another type of antibody that can be used in immunoassays are polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies, unlike monoclonal antibodies, originate from various types of B cells. They can recognize more than one epitope of an antigen or antibody. Technically, individual polyclonal antibodies are monoclonal antibodies, they therefore have the same characteristics as mentioned earlier. They can bind to specific epitopes on an antigen/antibody. But since there are many different types of monoclonal antibodies present (polyclonal), the antigen can be detected by binding the antibodies to different epitopes present on the antigen. Polyclonal antibodies have various advantages, for example, production is less expensive and quicker than producing monoclonal antibodies since the specificity is not as important. The use of polyclonal antibodies is preferred in assays that require less specificity, more robustness, stability, sensitivity for detecting small amounts of antigen and time constrained p rotocols. Conclusion   Ã‚   Immunosorbent assays are widely-used in clinical laboratories to detect compounds in samples. They are highly sensitive, specific and reproducible which makes them a great tool in a clinical laboratory. There are different types of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), each with its own way of detecting the antigen/antibody. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies varies depending on the antigen/antibody needing to be detected and they both come with their own advantages and disadvantages. One of these ELISA methods can be used to detect and measure cortisol levels in serum samples. By performing a synacthen test, a set of serum samples from a patient can be drawn before and after administering a dose of synthetic ACTH. By measuring cortisol levels in these samples, an assessment of adrenal functions can be made. This test helps diagnose adrenal insufficiencies and disorders related to it.

The Character of Falstaff in Henry IV :: Henry IV Henry V Essays

The Character of Falstaff in Henry IV      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The character Sir John Falstaff played a crucial part in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1.   Falstaff portrayed a side of life that was both brutal and harsh.   This was important because ,as Falstaff was, all the other main characters in the play were Nobles.   Unlike Falstaff, the other nobles in the play acted as nobles.   Falstaff, on the other hand acted more like the lower class people.   In doing this he portrayed the thoughts and feelings of the lower class people.   As he portrayed the lower class people, Falstaff brought the reader to think.   This was because Falstaff contrasted well with the nobles and brought out new aspects of the themes.   Some of these views brought out be Falstaff were quite harsh, in comparison to the accepted views of the time.   To help balance the harshness of his views, Falstaff was very good natured and invoked laughter in the reader.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Falstaff lived a harsh life and the severity of his life contributed to his views and ideas.   Although he was a noble, his views reflected those of the lower class people. Falstaff did not hold the same view of honor as any of the other main characters in the novel.   To Falstaff, honor was just a word and nothing worth dying over.   Some characters in the novel sought honor through battle.   Falstaff, on the plus side, felt that war was just a place where people had fun.   He showed this when he allowed himself to be paid off by the upperclassmen and took the prisoners and thieves to be killed in battle.   Falstaff knew that they would just be killed and that it was not worth it to have men with a future be killed.   He, rather, led the men with no life into battle, to be killed.   Falstaff also had a different view of loyalty than any of the other nobles.   The nobles felt that one should be loyal to all.   Falstaff felt that one should be loyal only to other thieves.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Falstaff was an excellent talker and also well versed.

The Theories of Creationism and Evolution

Creationism is the belief that all life and matter on this planet was created by a god or supreme being. It states that a god is the creator of all, and that he (or she) created everything out of nothing. This is a strong belief of many, and seriously contradicts scientific thinking. One can not mention creationism and not say something about the Bible s creation story. It takes place over seven days in which God creates the universe out of nothing. And the earth was without shape and void (genesis 1:1) The breakdown of creation is as follows: Day 1 God made light and separated it from the dark, making day and night. Day 2 God created the water below and the sky above. Day 3 God made earth and made plants grow on it in abundance. Day 4 God created the moon, the sun, the stars and the planets. Day 5 God made the birds of the sky and the creatures of the deep seas. Day 6 God created the animals and the human beings of earth. Day 7 God rested after work. This explanation of creation is preached in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Ever since the idea of evolution came about, (see Part II) creation scientist, have been trying to prove their theory over evolution. They cite these major issues: 1. There are no transitional links and intermediate forms in either the fossil record or the modern world, which means, there is no actual evidence that evolution has occurred either in the past or the present. 2. Natural selection (the supposed evolution mechanism, along with mutations) is incapable of advancing an organism to a â€Å"higher-order. 3. Although evolutionists state that life resulted from non-life, matter resulted from nothing, and humans resulted from animals, each of these is an impossibility of science and the natural world. 4. The supposed hominids (creatures in-between ape and human that evolutionists believe used to exist) bones and skull record used by evolutionists often consists of `findsÙŽ which are thoroughly unrevealing and inconsistent. They are neither clear nor conclusive even though evolutionists present them as if they were. 5. Nine of the twelve popularly supposed hominids are actually extinct apes/ monkeys and not part human at all. 6. The final three supposed hominids put forth by evolutionists are actually modern human beings and not part monkey/ ape at all. Therefore, all twelve of the supposed hominids can be explained as being either fully monkey/ ape or fully modern human but not as something in between. 7. The rock strata finds (layers of buried fossils) are better explained by a universal flood than by evolution. Using these and other arguments, Creationists (those who believe in creationism) have fought for what they believe and so far have made some interesting impacts in the nation and around the world. For instance, recently in Kansas, the school board decreed that evolution was to be taken off the science curriculum. It was not to be taught. At all. Part II Evolution: The belief that all life evolved, or mutated into what it is today. Charles Darwin started off the whole evolution revolution after studying creatures in the Galapagos Islands. He published his controversial book, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which appeared in 1859. Darwin is hailed as the father of modern theories of evolution. Common usage of the word â€Å"evolution† is the idea that living things in our world have come into being through unguided natural processes starting from a primeval soup of subatomic particles and radiation, over approximately 20 billion years. The idea of evolution that was stated above can be infinitely explained using a combination of the following four studies: 1. Cosmology is the branch of astronomy that deals with the origin and formation of the general structure of the universe. 2. Abiogenesis refers to first life, which is the production of living things from inanimate matter. 3. Macro-evolution or general evolution refers the progression to more complex forms of life. The way of macro-evolution, including whether or not micro-evolution over a long enough time leads to macro-evolution, can be regarded as a â€Å"research topic.† 4. Micro-evolution or speciation refers to population and species change throughout time. There are many examples of speciation, if by the development of a new â€Å"species† we are referring to development of a new population of creatures which will not breed with the original population to produce viable offspring. Micro-evolution is a scientific fact which no one, including creationists, can dispute. The accepted ways if explaining micro-evolution are â€Å"mutation† and â€Å"natural selection.† Mutations are â€Å"mistakes† in the genetic material used for reproduction, which can occur for many reasons (example: as a result of exposure to radiation.) Naturally occurring mutations are very rare, and it is understood that the ones that do occur, almost all have a bad effect. The occasional positive mutation, giving some benefit to the organism, provides the â€Å"new material† for natural selection to work with. Natural selection is based on the thought that there is variation among creatures in a population. Natural selection says that those individuals who have some advantage in their environment (such as being a faster runner, having a better camouflage, etc.) are more likely to have more offspring, which makes the probability of passing the advantage on to future generations. The Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) is typically a whitish moth covered with black spots. This coloring gives an effective camouflage for the moths as they sit on some kinds of birch trees. Like people, however, these moths can be found in a range of colors from very black to very white and all the shades in between. In a famous study in England it was found that when the white trees, on which the moths sat, became dirty (dark) from pollution, birds ate more of the lighter moths, apparently missing the darker ones because of their blending in with the trees. It was no surprise that the population of darker moths increased while the lighter ones decreased. Later on, when the city got together some better pollution laws the trees returned to a lighter color. Along with this, the lighter moths proliferated and the darker ones dwindled in numbers. This is clearly natural selection in action, but is it evolution? Not really, unless natural variation within species that happens in all plants and animals is called â€Å"evolution.† The problem with calling this type of variation evolution is that it is very limited. There are, for example, over 150 breeds of dogs recognized by the AKC and more are added each year, but they are all dogs. You can select for dogs with long ears or short ears, go for big dogs or small dogs, but you can’t select for dogs with flippers. The reason is obvious, there are no genes for wings in the gene pool of the dog. Because of this, dogs will be remain dogs and Peppered Moths will be Peppered Moths. Part III Let the party begin: The fight and contrast of creationist ideas and those of evolutionists. The problem between the creationist and the evolutionists is that they have no common ground. Their theories are based on an all-or-nothing concept. If one is accepted, the other is discarded. That is just the way they are set up. Because of this, the battle rages on. Each side has had their triumphs and disappointments. Some of the best minds in the world are working to prove to all people that their ideas are better. For instance, some creationist argue there is not a single known case of a truly good mutation, one having no negative side effects. This can be easily argued with using the is not response that everybody remembers from early childhood. Unfortunately for the creationists, there is scientific evidence all science is based on theory. Theory can easily be debunked, depending on how the data is looked at. The war continues. In another instance creationists say that natural selection can only select: among already existing traits-it cannot create something new, such as dogs with wings. While this idea has not been proven false, it has not been proven true either. Evolutionists can dismiss this statement by saying that normal genetic changes take place and natural selection helps out. The spiral of argument is never ending. The reason that the two sides can never see eye to eye on anything goes beyond beliefs into semantics. Each side uses the word theory differently. Evolutionists see theory as a scientifically provable and repeatable series of circumstances. Creationists use the word theory as what someone thinks or supposes will happen. And so creationism can be called a theory equal to the theory of evolution. As far as anybody can see this struggle between these two camps has no finish. As long as there is no distinct evidence to prove one way or another, people will argue over these two theories and brainpower will be spent. Even if there were a conclusion to this battle, there would still be some who wouldn t believe, and so there would still be controversy. Who knows? Nothing can be proven.

Half-Caste and Nothing’s Changed Essay

Following that the third and fourth build up to the short fifth and sixth three line stanza turning round the poem showing that it isn’t him that is half a person but the ones that are biased are. Both structures of the poem are quite different but both do use the structure as a climax. Both poems create different moods maybe because of the period of time. Also Nothing’s Changed is more serious. Half-Caste has both a humorous and questioning mood. ‘Ah listening to yu wid de keen half of mih ear’ makes you think that it is ridiculous and wonder they are not half a person. By saying outrageous things like that John creates a mood. In contrast Tatamkhulu isn’t humorous in ‘Nothing’s Changed’ but in a protesting manner. Half-Caste is in a Caribbean dialect which makes it a quite fast paced poem. The rhythm is relatively exhilarating. The phrase ‘Explain yuself wha yu mean’ is emphasised because of the dialect and is repeated plenty as well. John gives importance to this phrase because he is reaching out to the reader to make them understand why people judge mixed race people to be ‘half-caste’. He doesn’t believe just because they are mixed race that they are half a person and by turning it around in the last stanzas he shows how it feels to go through what he goes through. However Nothing’s Changed has nor a lively or upbeat tempo but more of a slow rhythm because then Tatamkhulu can emphasise most of the words in the poem because of the slow pace to it making the reader acknowledge every word and recognise his aim. The rhythm helps the reader value his rage in various parts of the poem such as ‘and the hot, white, inwards turning anger in my eyes’. Also the four consecutive ‘ands’ in the 2nd stanza before the phrase quoted before really give the anger its climax. Nothing’s Changed captures all the words making you reflect about every line in more depth then usual. On the contrary Half-Caste being in a Caribbean dialect is more dynamic, but in this circumstance it helps the poem. For instance ‘wid de whole of yu eye n de whole of yu ear an de whole of yu mind’ would be difficult to comprehend but reading it promptly and in a Caribbean dialect would make it comprehensible. Both poems paint pictures in your mind of images that John and Tatamkhulu create with their poetry. Nothing’s Changed give details to most of the environment in which the poet go through and come across, like when he is striding above the ‘hard stones’ and ‘amiable weeds’. As a reader you can picture Tatamkhulu looking up from the ‘grasses’ and have a image of a board saying ‘District Six’ but then disappearing like it was never there but just in his mind’s eye. In addition his hands metamorphosing from his accustomed colour to white illustrating his fury, transforming the complete atmosphere very cold. Half-Caste alternatively doesn’t produce images seen by John in real life but generating pictures of examples of features in the world that have a combination like ‘half-caste weather’ or ‘half-caste symphony’. He constructs visions of a ‘cast half-a-shadow’ of a ‘half-caste human being’. Half-Caste uses repetition for its key features, in addition to catch the reader’s attention. It is also in a Caribbean dialect. John exploits the phrase ‘Explain yuself wha yu mean’. He emphasises his point by having a none stop twenty six line stanza which clarifies all his various fusions in life which are a mixture like ‘half-caste canvas’. In contrast Nothing’s Changed uses the structure as a approach to get his key features at certain points. ‘No sign say it is but we know here we belong’ is isolated into a two line stanza. John Agard in a manner has an absolutely different way of expressing his key points. In conclusion both Half-Caste and Nothing’s Changed has very serious issues in which they write about. Both being from the party in which are being attacked. Being from different time periods makes it slightly diverse. Tatamkhulu has been influenced by his culture and background in the way that there were only non-whites and whites in that particular area. Taking that into consideration most non-whites would have despised all whites thinking all of them would be against them so the anger in his poem would explain that. Whereas John’s culture and background does have some bearing on his opinion but he in fact knows that not everyone would think of him as half a person to another human being or any other mixed race individual. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Agard: Half-Caste section.

El Filibusterismo 10 Kabanata

1  Ã‚  Velocity, Speed, Acceleration, and Deceleration The goal for today is to better understand what we mean by terms such as velocity, speed, acceleration, and deceleration. Let’s start with an example, namely the motion of a ball thrown upward and then acted upon by gravity. A major source of confusion in problems of this sort has to do with blurring the distinction between  speed  and  velocity. The speed  s  is, by definition, the magnitude of the velocity vector:  s  := |v|. Note the contrast: – velocity –|   | – speed –| The change in  velocity  is uniformly downward.   | The  speed  is decreasing during the upward trajectory, and increasing during the subsequent downward trajectory. | The laws of physics are most simply written in terms of velocity, not speed. Physics uses a technical definition of  acceleration  that conflicts with ordinary vernacular use of the words â€Å"acceleration† and â€Å"de celeration†. That’s tough. You’ll have to get used to it if you want to do physics. In physics, acceleration refers to a change in velocity, not speed. If you want to be really explicit, you can call this the  vector acceleration.   | In the vernacular, â€Å"acceleration† commonly means speeding up, i. e. an increase in speed. If you insist on using the word in this sense, you can remove the ambiguity by calling it the  scalar acceleration. | |   | The scalar acceleration can be considered one component of the vector acceleration, namely the projection in the â€Å"forward† direction (although this is undefined if the object is at rest). | In physics, the word â€Å"deceleration† is not much used. In particular, it is not the opposite of acceleration, or the negative of acceleration.Any change in velocity is called an acceleration. |   | In the vernacular, â€Å"deceleration† commonly means slowing down, i. e. a decrease in speed. | Do not confuse the vector acceleration with the scalar acceleration. | In physics, acceleration does not mean speeding up. | | |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | To repeat: In physics, the term  acceleration  is defined to be the change in velocity, per unit time. It is a vector. This term applies no matter how the acceleration is oriented relative to the initial velocity. There are several possible orientations.The following table shows how to convert vector language to scalar language in each case: – Vector language –|   | – Corresponding scalar language –| Acceleration in the same direction as the velocity. |   | Speeding up. | Acceleration directly opposite to the velocity. |   | Slowing down. | Acceleration at right angles to the velocity. |   | Constant speed. | Note: Sideways acceleration corresponds to turning. In the case of uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the acceleration remains constant, and the direction of acceleration re mains perpendicular to the velocity.This is a classic example of a situation where the scalar acceleration is zero even though the vector acceleration is nonzero. | Acceleration at some odd angle relative to the velocity. |   | No good way to describe it in terms of scalars. | Acceleration of an object at a moment when its velocity is zero. |   | No way to describe it in terms of scalars; the scalar acceleration formula produces bogus expressions of the form 0/0. | 1. To decrease the velocity of. 2. To slow down the rate of advancement Problem #1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  A skater goes from a standstill to a speed of 6. 7 m/s in 12 seconds.What is the acceleration of the skater? | | Step 1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Write down the equation needed for solving for acceleration. | a =  Ã‚  vf  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ vi  Ã‚  Ã‚  =    v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  t   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  t| Step 2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Insert the known measurements into the equation. | Known  :   The initial speed of the skater was zero since he was not in motion. The skater finally reached a speed of 6. 7m/s in 12 seconds, which is the final speed or velocity. The equation will look like this:a =  6. 7m/s – 0m/s  =  6. 7m/s  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12s| Step 3:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solve. Carefully put all measurements into your calculator.You must solve the change in velocity portion of the equation before you can do the division portion to solve for acceleration. Don't forget that the SI unit for acceleration is m/s2   . | SOLUTION:  Ã‚  The skater had an acceleration of   . 56m/s2 . a =  6. 7m/s – 0m/s  =  6. 7m/s  = . 56m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12s| PRACTICE PROBLEMS: 1. As a shuttle bus comes to a normal stop, it slows from 9. 00m/s to 0. 00m/s in 5. 00s. Find t he average acceleration of the bus. 2. During a race, a sprinter increases from 5. 0 m/s to 7. 5 m/s over a period of 1. 25s.What is the sprinter’s average acceleration during this period? 3. A baby sitter pushing a stroller starts from rest and accelerates at a rate of   0. 500m/s2. What is the velocity of the stroller after it has traveled for 4. 75 minutes? * A bicyclist accelerates at 0. 89ms2  during a 5. 0s interval. What is the change in the speed of the bicyclist and the bicycle? * A freight train traveling with a speed of 18. 0m/s begins braking as it approaches a train yard. The train’s acceleration while braking is -0. 33m/s2. What is the train’s speed after 23 seconds? * A skater travels at a constant velocity of 4. m/s westward, then speeds up with a steady acceleration of 2. 3m/s2. Calculate the skater’s speed after accelerating for 5. 0s. | * Practice Problems: Solving for Time Solving for Time:| | * * Marisa’s car accelerates at an average rate of 2. 6m/s2. Calculate how long it takes her car to accelerate from 24. 6m/s to 26. 8m/s. * If a rocket undergoes a constant total acceleration of 6. 25m/s2, so that its speed increases from rest to about 750m/s, how long will it take for the rocket to reach 750m/s. * A dog runs with an initial speed of 1. 5m/s on a waxed floor. It slides to a stop with an acceleration of -0. 5m/s2. How long does it take for the dog to come to a stop? | Additional acceleration problems (with answers) 1. A body with an initial velocity of 8 m/s moves with a constant acceleration and travels 640 m in 40 seconds. Find its acceleration. 2. A box slides down an inclined plane with a uniform acceleration and attains a velocity of 27 m/s in 3 seconds from rest. Find the final velocity and distance moved in 6 seconds (initially at rest). 3. A car has a uniformly accelerated motion of 5 m/s2. Find the speed acquired and distance traveled in 4 seconds from rest. 4.A marble is dropped from a b ridge and strikes the water in 5 seconds. Calculate the speed with which it strikes and the height of the bridge. 5. A ship starts at rest and reaches a speed of 83 km/h. Suppose it took 2. 0 minutes for the ship to reach that speed. What is the acceleration of the ship? Answers 1. A body with an initial velocity of 8 m/s moves with a constant acceleration and travels 640 m in 40 seconds. Find its acceleration. (a = 0. 4 m/s2) 2. A box slides down an inclined plane with a uniform acceleration and attains a velocity of 27 m/s in 3 seconds from rest.Find the final velocity and distance moved in 6 seconds (initially at rest). (Vf = 54 m/s, d = 162 m) 3. A car has a uniformly accelerated motion of 5 m/s2. Find the speed acquired and distance traveled in 4 seconds from rest. (Vf = 20 m/s, d = 40m) 4. A marble is dropped from a bridge and strikes the water in 5 seconds. Calculate the speed with which it strikes and the height of the bridge. (Vf = 49 m/s, d = 122 m) 5. A ship starts at res t and reaches a speed of 83 km/h. Suppose it took 2. 0 minutes for the ship to reach that speed. What is the acceleration of the ship?